As he went to shake Trump’s hand, the president mentioned that in his experience there were “a lot of crooks” in Panama. De Dianous died in 2021 and never sought to publicize or draw attention to the moment.

In the 1970s, a conservative coalition came together to fight ceding control of the Panama Canal—proving the political potency of the issue.

The protests and subsequent violence were not motivated by Panamanian anger over the existence of genuinely contemptible Jim Crow-style laws within the canal zone. Panama then, as