Vaccines are one of the most critical medical advancements in human history. This was recently demonstrated with the international coronavirus pandemic. The highly transmissible COVID-19 virus ...

A complete introduction to vectors designed for beginners and students. I cover notation, magnitude, direction, operations, ...

The viral life cycle can be divided into two temporally distinct phases: infection and replication. Infection results in the introduction of the viral genome into the cell. This leads to an early ...

Viral vectors dominate gene therapy, with lentivirus, adenovirus, and AAV being key players, each with unique advantages and limitations. Non-viral vectors, such as lipid nanoparticles and GalNAc, ...

Vector-borne diseases cause roughly 700,000 deaths worldwide every year. Vectors can carry different types of pathogens, including viruses and bacteria. Tropical and subtropical regions report large ...