Materials have always played a pivotal role in the development of human society. The range of accessible phase states, kinetics, transformation phenomena and properties, however, has been constrained ...

The remaining conformations folded proteins access provide the residual entropy required for protein stability and activity. A strategy for maximizing the stability of the folded state is therefore to ...

Compressing hydrogen demands high pressures; liquefying it requires extreme cooling. Both approaches carry energy penalties, safety considerations, and infrastructure costs that limit wider adoption.